Correct Answer: Epigraphy
Subject: history
Explanation: Epigraphy (from Greek 'epi' = upon, 'graphe' = writing) is the study of inscriptions carved on stone, metal, clay, or other surfaces. It is a crucial source of ancient Indian history. James Prinsep (1799–1840) was the pioneer of Indian epigraphy who deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts in 1837, unlocking Ashokan edicts. Archaeology is the study of past through physical remains. Anthropology studies human societies and cultures. Philology studies written historical records and language evolution. Numismatics = coins; Palaeography = ancient manuscripts; Sphragistics = seals.
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