gandhi movmt and CDM — BSSC History

Mahatma Gandhi marched with exactly 78 delegates to break the British Salt Law.

• The journey covered a distance of approximately 241 miles (390 km) from Sabarmati Ashram (Ahmedabad) to Dandi (Navsari District).

• The march lasted for 24 days, starting on 12th March 1930 and culminating on 6th April 1930 when Gandhi formally picked up salt from the shore.

• 72 is historically significant as the number of delegates in the first session of the Indian National Congress (1885), not the Dandi March.

• Remember 78-24-241: 78 followers, 24 days, 241 miles.

• This event received immense international attention; Time Magazine initially mocked Gandhi's body but later named him "Man of the Year".

All three statements are factually correct. The Kakori Conspiracy was a train robbery near Lucknow on 9 August 1925.

• It was strategically organized and executed by members of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).

• The primary masterminds and leaders who conceived this daring act against the British Indian Government were Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan.

• Since all given details accurately match the historical events of the Kakori case, eliminating any statement makes the option incorrect.

• Associate the year 1925 directly with the Kakori Train Robbery. Do not confuse HRA (formed earlier) with HSRA (Hindustan Socialist Republican Army, founded in 1928).

• The revolutionaries involved in this case faced severe British trials; Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan were among those eventually hanged.

C. Rajagopalachari successfully led the salt march in Tamil Nadu from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam.

• K. Kelappan was the prominent leader who organized the salt satyagraha in the Malabar region of Kerala.

• In Odisha, the civil disobedience activities and salt marches were spearheaded by Gopabandhu Choudhary.

• Remember the trio: Rajagopalachari = Tamil Nadu; Kelappan = Kerala; Gopabandhu = Odisha.

• The Salt Satyagraha proved highly effective because salt was a basic necessity that affected every Indian, thus uniting the country across class and regional divides.

During the Karachi Session (March 29, 1931), Mahatma Gandhi was indeed greeted with black flags by the youth. Thus, Assertion (A) is true.

• The direct cause of this anger was the martyrdom/execution of Sardar Bhagat Singh (and his comrades) on March 23, 1931, just days before the session. Thus, Reason (R) is true and perfectly explains the cause.

• Despite the protests, the Karachi Session (presided over by Sardar Patel) successfully endorsed the recently signed Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

• Link the dates: March 23, 1931 (Execution of Bhagat Singh) -> March 29, 1931 (Karachi Session backlash).

• The Karachi Session is also highly significant because it was the first time 'Purna Swaraj' was clearly defined, and resolutions on Fundamental Rights and National Economic Policy were adopted.

Mahatma Gandhi gave the slogan 'Do or Die' (करो या मरो) at the launch of the Quit India Movement.

• The movement was sanctioned at the All-India Congress Committee session in Bombay at the Gowalia Tank Maidan on 8 August 1942.

• The Quit India Resolution explicitly demanded that "British Rule in India must end immediately".

• 'Inquilab Zindabad' was coined by Hasrat Mohani and popularized by Bhagat Singh. 'Dilli Chalo' was given by Subhas Chandra Bose. 'Swaraj is my birthright' was Bal Gangadhar Tilak's slogan.

• 1942 = Quit India = August Kranti = Do or Die. These four keywords always appear together in exams.

• Immediately following the passing of this resolution, major Congress leaders including Gandhi were arrested, leading to spontaneous, leaderless nationwide protests.

C. Rajagopalachari did not opt to defend the case dealing with the trial of the soldiers of the Indian National Army in 1945.

• The prominent defense team for the INA personnel was headed by Bhulabhai Desai.

• Other legal luminaries who famously argued the case on behalf of the INA included Tej Bahadur Sapru, Kailash Nath Katju, and Jawaharlal Nehru.

• Memorize the INA Defense team: Bhulabhai (Leader), Sapru, Katju, Nehru. Anyone else listed is the correct answer for 'who did not participate'.

• The INA trials took place at the Red Fort in Delhi and generated massive nationalist sentiment and public outcry across India against the British.

The Poona Pact (Sept 1932) successfully increased the seats reserved for the depressed classes from 71 to 147 in provincial legislatures. Thus, Statement 2 is correct.

• Statement 1 is incorrect because the Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, not Lord Irwin.

• The pact was signed at Yerwada Central Jail in Poona, as Gandhi was fasting against British PM Ramsay MacDonald's Communal Award which granted separate electorates.

• Poona Pact = Gandhi + Ambedkar (1932). Gandhi-Irwin Pact = Gandhi + Irwin (1931). Don't mix the two major pacts of the early 1930s!

• Apart from the 147 provincial seats, the pact also reserved 18 percent of the total seats in the Central Legislature for the depressed classes.

The correct chronological sequence is: Dandi March (March 1930) → First Round Table Conference (Nov 1930) → Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 1931) → Poona Pact (Sept 1932).

• Dandi March launched the Civil Disobedience Movement. During its peak, the British convened the First Round Table Conference in Nov 1930, which the Congress boycotted.

• To ensure Congress participation in the Second RTC, the Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed in March 1931. After the Second RTC failed, the Communal Award was announced, leading to the Poona Pact in 1932.

• Learn the 1930-1932 flow: Salt -> Boycott First RTC -> Pact with Irwin -> Fail Second RTC -> Poona Pact.

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was one of the few leaders who attended all three Round Table Conferences in London.

The Ghadar Party was founded in the United States of America in 1913.

• It was initially formed as the Pacific Coast Hindustan Association by Lala Hardayal with Sohan Singh Bhakna as its president.

• The headquarters of this revolutionary movement were set up at the Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco.

• Ghadar = USA (1913). The word 'Ghadar' means revolt, and they aimed to overthrow British rule in India from foreign soil.

• Another revolutionary, Rash Behari Bose, was a key organizer of the Ghadar Mutiny and later the Indian National Army (INA) in Japan.

After Mahatma Gandhi was arrested on May 4, 1930 (before the raid), the leadership of the Dharasana raid was immediately taken over by Abbas Tyabji.

• Gandhi had planned this non-violent raid as the next major step following the successful Dandi march.

• Following the subsequent arrest of Abbas Tyabji as well, the leadership of the peaceful protest passed on to Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib, and Gandhi's son, Manilal.

• Sequence of command at Dharasana: Gandhi -> Tyabji -> Naidu.

• Sarojini Naidu played a crucial role in persuading Gandhi to ensure women were actively included in the Civil Disobedience Movement.